DEFINITIONS

The purpose of the scrum is to restart play quickly, safely and fairly,
after a minor infringement or a stoppage.
A scrum is formed in the field of play when eight players from each
team, bound together in three rows for each team, close up with their
opponents so that the heads of the front rows are interlocked. This
creates a tunnel into which a scrum half throws in the ball so that front
row players can compete for possession by hooking the ball with either
of their feet.
The middle line of a scrum must not be within 5 metres of the goal
line. A scrum cannot take place within 5 metres of a touchline.
The tunnel is the space between the two front rows.
The player of either team who throws the ball into the scrum is the
scrum half.
The middle line is an imaginary line on the ground in the tunnel
beneath the line where the shoulders of the two front rows meet.
The middle player in each front row is the hooker.
The players on either side of the hooker are the props. The left side
props are the loose head props. The right side props are the tight head
props.
The two players in the second row who push on the props and the
hooker are the locks.
The outside players who bind onto the second or third row are the
flankers.
The player in the third row who usually pushes on both locks is the
No.8. Alternatively, the No. 8 may push on a lock and a flanker

20.1 FORMING A SCRUM

(a) Where the scrum takes place. The place for a scrum is where the
infringement or stoppage happened, or as near to it as is
practicable in the field of play, unless otherwise stated in Law.
(b) If this is less than 5 metres from a touchline, the place for the
scrum is 5 metres from that touchline. A scrum can take place only
in the field of play. The middle line of a scrum must not be within
5 metres of the goal line when it is formed.
(c) If there is an infringement or stoppage in in-goal, the place for the
scrum is 5 metres from the goal line.
(d) The scrum is formed in line with the place of the infringement or
stoppage.
(e) No delay. A team must not intentionally delay forming a scrum.
Penalty: Free Kick
(f) Number of players: eight. A scrum must have eight players
from each team. All eight players must stay bound to the scrum
until it ends. Each front row must have three players in it, no more
and no less. Two locks must form the second row.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
Exception : When a team is reduced to fewer than fifteen for any
reason, then the number of players of each team in the scrum may
be similarly reduced. Where a permitted reduction is made by one
team, there is no requirement for the other team to make a similar
reduction. However, a team must not have fewer than five players
in the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(g) Front rows coming together. First, the referee marks with a
foot the place where the scrum is to be formed. Before the two
front rows come together they must be standing not more than an
arm’s length apart. The ball is in the scrum half’s hands, ready to
be thrown in. The front rows must crouch so that when they meet,
each player’s head and shoulders are no lower than the hips. The
front rows must interlock so that no player’s head is next to the
head of a team mate.
Penalty: Free Kick
(h) The referee will call “crouch" then “touch". The front rows crouch
and using their outside arm each prop touches the point of the
opposing prop's outside shoulder. The props then withdraw their
arms. The referee will then call “pause". Following a pause the
referee will then call “engage". The front rows may then engage.
The “engage" call is not a command but an indication that the
front rows may come together when ready.
Penalty: Free Kick
(i) A crouched position is the extension of the normal stance by
bending the knees sufficiently to move into the engagement
without a charge.
(j) Charging. A front row must not form at a distance from its
opponents and rush against them. This is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(k) Stationary and parallel. Until the ball leaves the scrum half’s
hands, the scrum must be stationary and the middle line must be
parallel to the goal lines. A team must not shove the scrum away
from the mark before the ball is thrown in.
Penalty: Free Kick

20.2 FRONT-ROW PLAYERS’ POSITIONS

(a) All players in a position to shove. When a scrum has formed,
the body and feet of each front row player must be in a normal
position to make a forward shove.
Penalty: Free Kick
(b) This means that the front row players must have both feet on the
ground, with their weight firmly on at least one foot. Players must
not cross their feet, although the foot of one player may cross a
team mate’s foot. Each player’s shoulders must be no lower than
the hips.
Penalty: Free Kick
(c) Hooker in a position to hook. Until the ball is thrown in, the
hooker must be in a position to hook the ball. The hookers must
have both feet on the ground, with their weight firmly on at least
one foot. A hooker’s foremost foot must not be in front of the
foremost foot of that team’s props.
Penalty: Free Kick

20.3 BINDING IN THE SCRUM

(a) Binding by all front row players. All front row players must
bind firmly and continuously from the start to the finish of the
scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

DEFINITION

When a player binds on a team mate that player must use the whole
arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team mate’s body at or below
the level of the armpit. Placing only a hand on another player is not
satisfactory binding.

(b) Binding by hookers. The hooker may bind either over or under
the arms of the props. The props must not support the hooker so
that the hooker has no weight on either foot.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(c) Binding by loose head props. A loose head prop must bind on
the opposing tight head prop by placing the left arm inside the
right arm of the tight head and gripping the tight head prop’s
jersey on the back or side. The loose head prop must not grip the
chest, arm, sleeve or collar of the opposition tight head prop. The
loose head prop must not exert any downward pressure.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

BINDING BY PROPS

(d) Binding by tight head props. A tight head prop must bind on
the opposing loose head prop by placing the right arm outside the
left upper arm of the opposing loose head prop. The tight head
prop must grip the loose head prop’s jersey with the right hand
only on the back or side. The tight head prop must not grip the
chest, arm, sleeve or collar of the opposition loose head prop. The
tight head prop must not exert any downward pressure.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(e) Both the loose head and tight head props may alter their bind providing they do so in accordance with this Law.
(f) Binding by all other players. All players in a scrum, other than front-row players, must bind on a lock’s body with at least one arm prior to the scrum engagement. The locks must bind with the props in front of them. No other player other than a prop may hold an opponent.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(g) Flanker obstructing opposing scrum half. A flanker may bind onto the scrum at any angle, provided the flanker is properly bound. The flanker must not widen that angle and so obstruct the
opposing scrum half moving forward.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(h) Scrum collapse. If a scrum collapses, the referee must blow the whistle immediately so that players stop pushing.
(i) Player forced upwards. If a player in a scrum is lifted in the air, or is forced upwards out of the scrum, the referee must blow the whistle immediately so that players stop pushing.

20.4 THE TEAM THROWING THE BALL INTO THE SCRUM

(a) After an infringement, the team that did not cause the
infringement throws in the ball.
(b) Scrum after ruck. Refer to Law 16.7.
(c) Scrum after maul. Refer to Law 17.6.
(d) Scrum after any other stoppage. After any other stoppage or
irregularity not covered by Law, the team that was moving forward
before the stoppage throws in the ball. If neither team was moving
forward, the attacking team throws in the ball.
(e) When a scrum remains stationary and the ball does not emerge
immediately a further scrum is ordered at the place of the
stoppage. The ball is thrown in by the team not in possession at
the time of the stoppage.
(f) When a scrum becomes stationary and does not start moving
immediately, the ball must emerge immediately. If it does not a
further scrum will be ordered. The ball is thrown in by the team
not in possession at the time of the stoppage.
(g) If a scrum collapses or lifts up into the air without penalty a further
scrum will be ordered and the team who originally threw in the
ball will throw the ball in again.
If a scrum has to be reformed for any other reason not covered in
this Law the team who originally threw in the ball will throw the
ball in again.

20.5 THROWING THE BALL INTO THE SCRUM

(a) No Delay. As soon as the front rows have come together, the
scrum half must throw in the ball without delay. The scrum half
must throw in the ball when told to do so by the referee. The
scrum half must throw in the ball from the side of the scrum first
chosen.
Penalty: Free Kick

20.6 HOW THE SCRUM HALF THROWS IN THE BALL

(a) The scrum half must stand one metre from the mark on the middle
line so that player’s head does not touch the scrum or go beyond
the nearest front row player.
Penalty: Free Kick
(b) The scrum half must hold the ball with both hands, with its major
axis parallel to the ground and to the touchline over the middle
line between the front rows, mid-way between knee and ankle.
Penalty: Free Kick
(c) The scrum half must throw in the ball at a quick speed. The ball
must be released from the scrum half’s hands from outside the
tunnel.
Penalty: Free Kick
(d) The scrum half must throw in the ball straight along the middle
line, so that it first touches the ground immediately beyond the
width of the nearer prop’s shoulders.
Penalty: Free Kick
(e) The scrum half must throw in the ball with a single forward
movement. This means that there must be no backward
movement with the ball. The scrum half must not pretend to
throw the ball.
Penalty: Free Kick

20.7 WHEN THE SCRUM BEGINS

(a) Play in the scrum begins when the ball leaves the hands of the
scrum half.
(b) If the scrum half throws in the ball and it comes out at either end
of the tunnel, the ball must be thrown in again unless a free kick
or penalty has been awarded.
(c) If the ball is not played by a front row player, and it goes straight
through the tunnel and comes out behind the foot of a far prop
without being touched, the scrum half must throw it in again.
(d) If the ball is played by a front row player and comes out of the
tunnel, advantage may apply.

20.8 FRONT-ROW PLAYERS

(a) Striking before the throw in ('foot up’). All front row
players must place their feet to leave a clear tunnel. Until the ball
has left the scrum half’s hands, they must not raise or advance a
foot. They must not do anything to stop the ball being thrown in
to the scrum correctly or touching the ground at the correct place.
Penalty: Free Kick
(b) Striking after the throw in. Once the ball touches the ground
in the tunnel, any front row player may use either foot to try to
win possession of the ball.
Throw in at the Scrum Throw in at the Scrum
(c) Kicking-out. A front row player must not intentionally kick the
ball out of the tunnel in the direction from which it was thrown
in.
Penalty: Free Kick
(d) If the ball is kicked out unintentionally, the same team must throw
it in again.
(e) If the ball is repeatedly kicked out, the referee must treat this as
intentional and penalise the offender.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(f) Swinging. A front row player must not strike for the ball with
both feet. No player may intentionally raise both feet from the
ground, either when the ball is being thrown in or afterwards.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(g) Twisting, dipping or collapsing. Front row players must not
twist or lower their bodies, or pull opponents, or do anything that
is likely to collapse the scrum, either when the ball is being thrown
in or afterwards.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(h) Referees must penalise strictly any intentional collapsing of the
scrum. This is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(i) Lifting or forcing an opponent up. A front row player must
not lift an opponent in the air, or force an opponent upwards out
of the scrum, either when the ball is being thrown in or afterwards.
This is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

20.9 SCRUM - GENERAL RESTRICTIONS

(a) All players: Collapsing. A player must not intentionally
collapse a scrum. A player must not intentionally fall or kneel in
a scrum. This is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(b) All players: Handling in the scrum. Players must not handle
the ball in the scrum or pick it up with their legs.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(c) All players: Other restrictions on winning the ball.
Players must not try to win the ball in the scrum by using any part
of their body except their foot or lower leg.
Penalty: Free Kick
(d) All players: When the ball comes out, leave it out. When
the ball has left the scrum, a player must not bring it back in to the
scrum.
Penalty: Free Kick
(e) All players: No falling on the ball. A player must not fall on
or over the ball as it is coming out of the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(f) Locks and flankers: Staying out of the tunnel. A player
who is not a front row player must not play the ball in the tunnel.
Penalty: Free Kick
(g) Scrum half: Kicking in the scrum. A scrum half must not
kick the ball while it is in the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick
(h) Scrum half: Dummying. A scrum half must not take any
action to make the opponents think that the ball is out of the
scrum while it is still in the scrum.
Penalty: Free Kick
(i) Scrum half: Holding opposing flanker. A scrum half must
not grasp an opposing flanker in order to gain leverage, or for any
other reason.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

20.10 ENDING THE SCRUM

(a) The ball comes out. When the ball comes out of the scrum in
any direction except the tunnel, the scrum ends.
(b) Scrum in the in-goal. A scrum cannot take place in the in-goal.
When the ball in a scrum is on or over the goal line, the scrum
ends and an attacker or a defender may legally ground the ball for
a try or a touch down.
(c) Hindmost player unbinds. The hindmost player in a scrum is
the player whose feet are nearest the team’s own goal line. If the
hindmost player unbinds from the scrum with the ball at that
player’s feet and picks up the ball, the scrum ends.

20.11 SCRUM WHEELED

(a) If a scrum is wheeled through more than 90 degrees, so that the middle line has passed beyond a position parallel to the touchline, the referee must stop play and order another scrum.

(b) This new scrum is formed at the place where the previous scrum ended. The ball is thrown in by the team not in possession at the time of the stoppage. If neither team win possession, it is thrown in by the team that previously threw it in.

20.12 OFFSIDE AT THE SCRUM

(a) When the scrum is set, the scrum half not throwing the ball into
the scrum must take up a position either at the same side of the
scrum as the scrum half throwing in the ball or behind the offside
line defined for other players.
(b) Offside for scrum-halves. When a team has won the ball in a
scrum, the scrum half of that team is offside if both feet are in
front of the ball while it is still in the scrum. If the scrum half has
only one foot in front of the ball, the scrum half is not offside.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

SCRUM OFFSIDE

(c) When a team has won the ball in a scrum, the scrum half of the opposing team is offside if that scrum half steps in front of the ball with either foot while the ball is still in the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

(d) The scrum half whose team does not win possession of the ball must not move to the opposite side of the scrum and overstep the offside line. For that scrum half that runs through the hindmost foot of that player’s team in the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

(e) The scrum half whose team does not win possession of the ball must not move away from the scrum and then remain in front of the offside line. For that scrum half that runs through the hindmost foot of that player’s team in the scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

(f) Any player may be scrum half, but a team can have only one scrum half at each scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick on the offside line

(g) Offside for players not in the scrum. Players who are not in the scrum and who are not the team’s scrum half, are offside if they remain in front of their offside line or overstep the offside line which is a line parallel to the goal lines and 5 metres behind the hindmost player of each team in a scrum.
Penalty: Penalty Kick on the offside line

(h) If the hindmost foot of a team is on or behind that team’s goal line, the offside line for scrum halves and non-participants is the goal line.

(i) Loitering. When a scrum is forming, players not taking part in it must retire to their offside line without delay. If they do not, they are loitering. Loiterers must be penalised.
Penalty: Penalty Kick on the offside line.

20.13 UNDER 19 VARIATIONS IN ADULT MATCHES

A Union may implement the Under 19 Scrum Law Variations at defined levels of the Game within its jurisdiction.